En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la revisión de más de sesenta documetos sobre los estados oníricos en relación con la vigilia. En el texto se desarrollan tres puntos: primero, el surgimiento de las reflexiones sobre el estado onírico y sus connotaciones mitológicas, además de algunos datos filosóficos de la antigua Grecia. Segundo, se desarrolla una tematización del fenómeno de sueño o dormir, en la reflexión de la modernidad. Tercero, se elabora una aproximación a una fenomenología del dormir, (...) a partir de varios fenomenólogos reconocidos como Merelau-Ponty, Jean-Luc Nancy, Sartre, José Ortega y Gasset, Michel Henry, entre otros. Al final se exponen diecisiete conclusiones que dan cuenta de la reflexión, entre ellas tenemos el dormir como abandono del suejo de sí mismo, el sueño como un proceso no experiencial y, por tanto, teórico, y la permanencia de las emociones que emegen en los sueños y se prolongan a la vigilia. (shrink)

A filosofia da linguagem dedica-se ao estudo da linguagem natural. Não se dedica ao estudo de línguas particulares, tal como o português, o castelhano ou o inglês, mas sim ao estudo filosófico de características gerais da linguagem e da nossa capacidade e proficiência linguística enquanto seres humanos. A investigação do desenvolvimento da linguagem é uma tarefa a ser desenvolvida pela ciência – a paleontologia, a neurologia, etc. Mas a ciência ocupa-se de algo de que temos um conhecimento intuitivo prévio – (...) a linguagem natural. Ora, a filosofia da linguagem dedica-se em parte a tornar explícito o nosso conhecimento implícito da linguagem. Como tal, a filosofia da linguagem é uma disciplina central na filosofia. Este capítulo é uma introdução selectiva à filosofia da linguagem. A alternativa que se nos deparava era fazer uma breve apresentação de teorias do significado, da referência e da verdade, e ainda de alguns tópicos de pragmática, ou escolher um tópico em particular que é, tradicionalmente, o elegido nos cursos introdutórios à filosofia da linguagem. Este capítulo oferece assim uma introdução a alguns dos temas centrais e clássicos da filosofia da linguagem contemporânea. A maior parte do capítulo dedicar-se-á a teorias da referência, a de Frege e de Russell, e à sua crítica subsequente por filósofos como Saul Kripke. Isto poderia levar-nos a pensar que a filosofia da linguagem contemporânea continua, como era tradicional, focada simplificada da relação entre linguagem, mente e mundo. Nada podia estar mais longe da verdade, como se tornará claro. A grande alteração na perspectiva sobre o estudo da linguagem, que se deve a pessoas como Frege ou Russell, é que graças ao seu trabalho os filósofos passaram a reflectir sobre a contribuição semântica sistematicamente feita por diferentes categorias sintácticas nas diferentes construções frásicas em que possam ocorrer, por exemplo a de termos referenciais como os nomes próprios. A relação linguagem-mente-mundo continua a ser uma preocupação dos filósofos contemporâneos, mas de uma forma muito mais sofisticada, rigorosa e sistemática. Os filósofos preocupam-se agora, por exemplo, com as condições de verdade correctas de usos particulares de frases, com os estados de coisas reais ou possíveis que confeririam verdade ou falsidade às frases usadas, e com o valor cognitivo de distintos tipos de frases. Como indicaremos na última secção do capítulo, outros desenvolvimentos da filosofia da linguagem contemporânea dizem respeito àquilo que nós, enquanto seres humanos, conseguimos fazer por meio da linguagem, aos diferentes actos de fala possíveis, e aos diferentes níveis de significado que podemos comunicar por meio do uso de frases com um significado convencionalmente estabelecido. (shrink)

Los seres humanos somos desiguales, pero la conciencia de igualdad, acompañada por el apoyo mutuo, está siempre presente en la historia de la humanidad. La democracia griega supone el primer intento, en el ámbito europeo, de establecer un reconocimiento de la igualdad jurídica, política y económica, pero esta última nunca se exigió realmente. Desde entonces han existido reiterados intentos de conseguir el objetivo de igualdad política y justicia económica. Las Revoluciones burguesas iniciaron un largo proceso de la implantación real de (...) la igualdad jurídica y política. Creció también la exigencia de mayor igualdad económica, con una nueva serie de revoluciones sociales y políticas importantes. Casi alcanzada esa situación en algunas partes de Europa y del resto del mundo, los cambios acaecidos a partir de 1980 muestran la fragilidad de lo conseguido: la desigualdad crece a comienzos del siglo XXI y queda claro que es esta desigualdad la causa de la pobreza. Superar ambas es una exigencia ética que requiere un serio y sostenido compromiso político. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es recoger de forma sistemática las principales reflexiones en torno al tema de Dios y la religión en la obra de Javier Muguerza. Con este esbozo cordial de filosofía de la religión se muestra la evolución en el pensamiento de Muguerza desde una filosofía analítica de la religión —preocupada por esclarecer el análisis lógico del lenguaje religioso y la dimensión racional de la creencia religiosa— a una filosofía práctica de la religión —centrada en las condiciones (...) de posibilidad del diálogo entre creyentes y no creyentes y en la reflexión conjunta sobre valores compartidos como la esperanza—. Por último, se defiende la tesis de que las contribuciones de Muguerza en este campo constituyen un claro ejemplo de filosofía de la religión realizada desde el respeto de la increencia. (shrink)

This paper attempts a renewed understanding of the concept of poetic reason, key in María Zambrano’s philosophical writings, from a hermeneutical approach. Poetic reason might be seen in this light as a gateway to a different kind of rationality, one that might help to enrich its ontological and anthropological implications, and overcome the hubris that has been historically ingrained in this concept. The paper is structured in three parts: in the first one, an attempt will be made to show a (...) reform of the understanding, which involves human life integrally, in such a way that reason transcends and makes it possible to understand the historical complexity of man and the urgent need to return to oneself. In the second, special attention will be focused on Zambrano’s new humanism, based on poetic and merciful reason, as an antidote to the ghost of war. And the third section delves in the work Claros del bosque to point to the reader the three hermeneutical moments that they will possibly face when trying to understand the realm of poetic reason. (shrink)

El diálogo problemático entre razón filosófica y razón artística se propone como el enclave de la discusión para hallar el fondo de la realidad y el ser en la verdad y la belleza. La filosofía ha de reconocer su momento estético en tanto que productivo y receptor, y el arte ha de reconocer su momento filosófico en tanto que interpretativo y contemplador. El camino de este reencuentro para un mutuo enriquecimiento entre el arte y la filosofía se da a través (...) de la reflexión sobre la forma en el marco de la teoría de la formatividad elaborada por Luigi Pareyson. La forma aparece ante el artista y ante el filósofo no solo como aquello que ha de plasmar por medio de lo sensible, sino también como aquello que le antecede en tanto que idea orgánica en sí mismo y en la realidad. La forma refulge la verdad para ser elaborada y reconocida, y resplandece en la belleza para ser realizada y contemplada. Así, en una síntesis de actividad y receptividad, poniendo en el centro a la persona humana como apertura, el arte y la filosofía trazaran los matices propios no clausurados ni definitivos, pero sí claros y delineados de la verdad y de la belleza en su relación con el ser y la experiencia que el hombre hace de este. (shrink)

La arquitectura digital ha alterado de manera decisiva la sociedad y, en consecuencia, demanda respuestas legales. De la Internet desarrollada en la década de 1970 con fines militares, casi nada permanece igual. La plataforma ha otorgado un poder sin igual a las empresas de tecnología, cambiando la forma en que nos comunicamos, abordamos la política, negociamos y también cómo nos relacionamos. En la economía digital actual, la atención de los usuarios es el principal producto, y estos usuarios también son productores (...) de contenido. En este modelo, se facilita la propagación de información falsa, lo que pone en riesgo la democracia y la ciencia. Para abordar estos fenómenos, es fundamental desarrollar y aplicar mecanismos adecuados de regulación de las plataformas para proteger a la sociedad y la libertad. Este estudio se basa en este contexto para analizar algunas respuestas regulatorias que se están debatiendo en Brasil. (shrink)

O foco deste livro, concentrado no meio físico, biológico e social, discute partidarismos e oposições à teoria de Darwin, apresentando uma mescla de trabalhos de estudiosos do tema. Não havendo, neste sentido, uma homogeneidade. A apresentação dos trabalhos segue passos da teoria, naquilo que ela deixou como legado para o conhecimento das relações no meio ambiente e do entrecruzamento de ambos.

Raimo Tuomela, late Professor Emeritus at the Centre for Philosophy of Social Sciences (TINT), University of Helsinki, is widely regarded as one of the most important philosophers of our time. He published extensively on various topics within social philosophy; particularly, on social action, cooperation, group belief, group responsibility, group reasoning, social practices, and institutions. To celebrate his legacy, this volume engages with and delves deeply into his philosophy of sociality. By gathering original essays from a world-class line-up of social ontologists, (...) social action theorists, and social philosophers, this collection provides the first comprehensive and critical treatment of Tuomela's outstanding contribution to social ontology and collective intentionality. (shrink)

Modelo de editoração eletrônica: Cadernos de História : Sistema Eletrônico de Editoração de Revistas – SEER: passo a passo.

RESUMO Neste trabalho, analisamos enunciados pertencentes ao gênero editorial produzidos em língua espanhola e publicados pelo jornal El País, em sua edição digital, durante o mês de fevereiro de 2020. Objetivamos descrever esse gênero tal como ele se manifesta no referido periódico e refletir sobre o diálogo estabelecido entre o jornal e o leitor presumido. Para a realização da análise, fundamentamo-nos na perspectiva dialógica da linguagem, sobretudo em escritos de Bakhtin e Volóchinov dos quais destacamos os conceitos de gêneros do (...) discurso e forma arquitetônica. Além da oscilação no diálogo estabelecido entre o jornal e um leitor presumido ora habitual, ora ocasional, o resultado revela uma forma arquitetônica alicerçada na avaliação da presença da leitura entre os participantes da interação discursiva e da importância do emprego de recursos lexicais comuns, frequentes, compreensíveis, como forma de garantir a difusão do jornal em escala mundial. ABSTRACT In this work, we analyzed utterances belonging to the editorial genre, produced in Spanish and published by the newspaper El País in its digital edition, during February 2020. We aim to describe this genre just as it manifests in the aforementioned newspaper and to reflect upon the dialogue between the newspaper and the assumed reader. To conduct the analysis, we draw from the dialogical perspective of language, especially from the works of Bakhtin and Vološinov, from which we highlight the concepts of speech genres and architectonic form. Besides the oscillation in the dialogue established between the newspaper and the assumed reader, at times regular, at times occasional, the result reveals an architectonic form based on the assessment of the presence of reading among the participants of the discursive interaction and the importance of using common, frequent and understandable lexical resources to guarantee the dissemination of the newspaper on a worldwide scale. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE Este texto apresenta partes de um projeto de longa duração, desenvolvido pelas autoras, que trata da cultura e identidade, memória e nomadismo através da música e, em particular do fado. Este gênero fixou-se no Brasil, através dos imigrantes portugueses e luso-descendentes, a transmissão sendo feita pelo rádio. Após um período de esmaecimento, o fado reaparece na paisagem sonora do final do século XX, com importantes mudanças no processo de assimilação e transmissão (...) do gênero. (shrink)

The general concept of a trope – that of a non-shareable character-grounder – admits of a distinction between modifier tropes and module tropes. Roughly, a module trope is self-exemplifying whereas a modifier trope is not. This distinction has wide-ranging implications. Modifier tropes are uniquely eligible to be powers and fundamental determinables, whereas module tropes are uniquely eligible to play a direct role in perception and causation. Moreover, each type of trope theory faces unique challenges concerning character- grounding. Modifier trope theory (...) faces challenges concerning the inscrutability of predication and the incompatibility with bundle theory, whereas module trope theory faces challenges concerning character overdetermination and a collapse into austere nominalism. These differences indicate that the modifier/module distinction divides the advantages of general trope theory and thus presents the trope theorist with a pivotal choice. (shrink)

In this paper I explore Michael Loux’s important distinction between “tropes” and “tropers”. First, I argue that the distinction throws into relief an ambiguity and discrepancy in the literature, revealing two fundamentally different versions of trope theory. Second, I argue that the distinction brings into focus unique challenges facing each of the resulting trope theories, thus calling into question an alleged advantage of trope theory—that by uniquely occupying the middle ground between its rivals, trope theory is able to recover and (...) preserve the insights of these views. Ultimately, the distinction suggests that trope theory is a divided house. (shrink)

Traz os resultados das investigações levadas a efeito em função de alguns problemas centrais no campo da Bioética e Biodireito: clonagem, patenteamento genético, eutanásia, reprodução assistida e disposição do próprio corpo.

El texto resalta que las experiencias innovadoras son absorbidas el neoliberalismo, entre ellas El microcrédito, el presupuesto participativo y las economías no monetarias. El artículo resalta que el intercambio no monetario ha sido abundante y variado a lo largo de la historia, y expone la red global actual de trueque solidario, confrontando luego las interpretaciones que limitan hoy su existencia a nivel mucho más amplio. La autora nos insta finalmente a inventar propuestas capaces de producir sinergia para construir una sociedad (...) “global” más justa y solidaria. (shrink)

Hacemos una lectura del “Tratado sobre los principios de la teología” de Guillermo de Occam, y echamos un vistazo a la Escolástica tardía que esta obra representa tan bien, revisando diferentes referencias bibliográficas, que me han permitido conocer y analizar diferentes conceptos y enfoques acerca de este singular tema. De hecho, se trata de una obra mayor, de gran calibre, pero de autor incierto, generalmente atribuida a Occam, aunque la autoría real está en disputa. Lo cierto es que se trata (...) de un momento culminante de una época de la historia del pensamiento occidental; una en la que su autor, con briosa arquitectura, levanta un edificio que perenniza el pensar occamista, comentándolo, glosándolo y dándole forma enciclopédica, minuciosa, como la que uno esperaría encontrar en un diccionario o un manual del Nominalismo naciente. (shrink)

O presente artigo deriva de uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho propositivo que busca levantar questões relacionadas à diferenciação e os atendimentos voltados para estudantes com Altas Habilidades ou Superdotação, à luz da educação matemática crítica. Para tal, é necessário compreender a definição, características, dificuldades e necessidades educacionais dos educandos com altas habilidades. Dentre estas necessidades estão o estímulo intelectual, o contato com pares, menos tempo em espera e desafios à altura de seu nível cognitivo, fatores que implicam na premência da (...) provisão de atendimento. A educação matemática tem grande impacto no resultado desse atendimento, pois participa da efetivação de ações de enriquecimento, aceleração e diferenciação que são direcionadas para os alunos superdotados. Nesse contexto, a partir dos conceitos de ‘empowerment’ e ‘disempowerment’ descritos por Skovsmose, discute-se o processo de diferenciação para compreender se ele implica no desempoderamento de certas comunidades, em especial de alunos não superdotados. Sendo a diferenciação um processo necessário para atender as necessidades dos educandos com Altas Habilidades, ela não pode ser rapidamente descartada como sendo discriminação por habilidades. Há, entretanto, atitudes e aspectos desse processo que são capazes de levar a formas de discriminação. Esta reflexão é necessária para compreender a interseccionalidade entre a educação de superdotados e a educação matemática crítica e fundamentar o trabalho dos educadores matemáticos, avançando a Educação Inclusiva e Especial. (shrink)

In this article I try to bring to light the convergences and divergences between the German reformer Marthin Luther and the Danish philosopher Kierkegaard. For this purpose, the text was subdivided into four chapters so that it could be possible to bring the main ideas of the authors. The dialogue between Luther and Kierkegaard, where the author defends freedom of conscience as being a freedom from, as Luther does, since our freedom is only found when we love Christ, with a (...) passion so distinct that we are willing to risk everything for him and at the same time sacrifice everything for him. According to Kierkegaard the subject who is able to be alone in the world, consulting only his conscience is a hero. Kierkegaard appeals to Luther, the solitary monk who faced the Emperor and the Pope, leading first to the creation and strengthening of consciousness in silence and solitude. Thus, only the lonely subject before God, willing to make all sacrifices for God can be free, while the second Luther led to a vision that leads subjects to the abolition of conscience, seeking the forgiveness of sins in Christ so that it is possible to have fun in life. The love of God, which for Luther leads us to freedom for Kierkegaard, keeps us imprisoned and anguished, because the subject will be aware that he will never be able to reciprocate such love. In order to be able to appease such anxiety, you must have a life totally surrendered to Him. (shrink)

Historically, taxonomy, which is the area responsible for describing new species, used a priori only morphological characteristics. Darwin already pointed out that there was a great divergence among taxonomists when they classified some organism as a species. When a new species is described, due to its historical weight, the morphological characters are considered as the first species demarcation criterion, however, with the advance of genetics and molecular biology, new methods are added. The use of multiple methods seems to be necessary (...) for us to develop a contemporary taxonomy, so, a little more than a decade ago, the “integrative taxonomy” emerged, which refers to a taxonomy that aims to integrate all available data sources to frame the data. species limits. Data integration is not possible, as we do not have the technological capacity to do so. In view of this, we can interact the data through interactive taxonomy, which suggests, a way of treating the data under the assumption of different lines of evidence, through which the explanations have logical consequences that can be tested, mitigating the subjectivity of the subject in the process. Data interactions can overlap taxonomic descriptions, as they could encompass different phenomena and problem solving, thereby mitigating subjectivism. Therefore, in different fields, at least two indications would be necessary, which could be contained in two different approaches, one hypothetical and one by estimation. Such interpellations would contain evidence with different assumptions and dissimilar data characteristics, thus increasing the number of evidence, as well as improving the reliability of the argument. In this way, we can bring new species to light with a more objective bias and with less likelihood of error. Keywords: Taxonomy. Cryptic species. Estimation. Hypothetical. (shrink)

O trabalho consiste no estudo da relação entre o conceito de hegemonia na obra do pensador e militante italiano Antônio Gramsci e a construção de uma nova moralidade a partir da reflexão e vivência de valores emancipatórios. Tal relação se fundamenta na medida em que observamos a conceituação gramsciana acerca do processo de conquista de hegemonia que pode ser primordialmente compreendido como reforma intelectual e moral, ou seja, um espraiamento de uma determinada concepção de mundo e divulgação das conquistas culturais (...) para amplas camadas da população bem como a vivência de valores e a construção de uma nova moral a partir da reflexão ética. (shrink)

Defends a version of the Davidsonian Demonstrative Theory of quotation against proponents of the Fregean Identity Theory.

This paper defends a version of Davidson’s demonstrative theory of quotation and against against the Fregean identity theory (IT henceforth) as articulated and defended by Corey Washington (1992). On the Fregean view, when an expression is referred to by means of quotation the quoted material itself is a linguistic referring expression. Quotation-marks are not needed; when they are used, they serve to make clearer the shift in syntactic and semantic properties effected on the quoted material by its occupying that linguistic (...) context: whatever its usual syntactic function, the quoted material functions as a singular term; whatever its usual semantic function, in that linguistic environment the quoted material refers to itself. On DT, in contrast, quotation-marks themselves are the linguistic bearers of reference, functioning like a demonstrative; the quoted material merely plays the role of a demonstratum. In the version I argue for the referent is obtained through some contextually suggested relation; in the default case the relation will be: … instantiates the linguistic type __, but there are other possibilities. In this way, the view can deal with the fact that we do not merely refer with quotations to expression-types, but also to other entities related in some way to the relevant token we use: features exhibited by the token distinct from those constituting its linguistic type, features exhibited by other tokens of the same type but not by the one actually used (as when, by using a graphic token, we refer to its phonetic type), or even other related tokens. (shrink)

There is a long-standing discussion concerning the nature of moral discourse. Multiple views range from realism—according to which moral discourse is closer to scientific discourse than to fictional discourse—to anti-realism—according to which moral discourse is rather closer to fictional discourse. In this paper, I want to motivate a novel anti-realist account. On this view, there are no moral properties or truths, neither mind-independent nor mind-dependent ones (i.e., anti-realism). However, moral cognition results from the use of higher order cognitive abilities with (...) enough resources to grant moral discourse with all the features of a realist talk (i.e., cognitive quasi-realism). I defend this view based on empirical evidence on human moral development and by showing that the resulting account can meet the demands of robust moral realism. The paper concludes by placing the proposed view within the metaethical landscape by comparing it against other forms of anti-realism, most significantly against expressivism. (shrink)

The paper discusses the criticism of externalist theories of content which, on the basis of "Twin Earth" considerations, claims that such theories cannot make intentional properties supervenient on basic, intrinsic properties of the organism -- while supervenience is a necessary condition for the causal efficacy of any macro-property. The paper accepts the supervenience requirement, understood as arising from a requirement that macro- properties should be explained by micro- properties. It points out, however, that as a consequence of this, the modality (...) in the concept of supervenience should be understood as "nomic", not conceptual. Then the paper attempts to show that the usual thought- experiments do not establish that such variety of supervenience does not hold for psychological properties -- at least with regard to a particular, teleo- functional way of interpreting them. (shrink)

Within siting literature there is strong agreement that compensation for environmental risks is a necessary condition for local acceptance of waste treatment facilities. In-kind compensation is commonly pushed forward as being more effective than financial benefits in reducing local opposition. By forcusing on the siting of a sanitary landfill in Santiago, Chile, this paper explores the performance of both types of compensation and relates the analysis to the notion of social norms of exchange. These are understood as being based on (...) three main types of social relations: care, justice and freedom. Whereas monetary compensation is associated with market relations based on freedom and the offer of in-kind compensation to egalitarian relations based on justice, the absence of compensation is linked to fraternal relations based on care. It is argued that in-kind compensation is more acceptable than monetary payments or not compensation because people tend to understand siting conflicts more as matters of justice rather than as matters of freedom or care. (shrink)

Proxy agency is the capacity of individuals and groups to act for other individuals or groups in specific social transactions. For example, a legal team acts as a proxy for a client in a courtroom, or the Prime Minister acts as a proxy for the UK Government when attending international meetings, etc. Although a very common social phenomenon, it has not yet received enough philosophical treatment. Currently, the most developed account of this capacity is Ludwig’s proxy agency in collective action. (...) Yet, his account relies on a deflationary, we-content approach to collective intentionality (á la Bratman). In this chapter, I argue that this approach is far too weak to explain proxy agency in institutional contexts—where the individuals and groups formally authorised to perform rule-guided group activities for the principal hold a strong, non-conditional we-commitment. In order to elucidate this feature, I provide an account of proxy agency based on a more robust, we-mode approach to collective intentionality (á la Tuomela). I suggest with this that, for institutional proxy agency to operate as expected, there must be appropriate conditions of sociality in place—which ultimately coheres with the larger project developed by Tuomela on social ontology. (shrink)

Since the publication of Hartry Field’s influential paper “Tarski’s Theory of Truth” there has been an ongoing discussion about the philosophical import of Tarski’s definition. Most of the arguments have aimed to play down that import, starting with that of Field himself. He interpreted Tarski as trying to provide a physicalistic reduction of semantic concepts like truth, and concluded that Tarski had partially failed. Robert Stalnaker and Scott Soames claimed then that Field should have obtained a stronger conclusion, namely that (...) Tarski’s failure in his allegedly intended physicalistic reduction was total. From another front, Hilary Putnam argued for an even more sweeping thesis: “[a]s a philosophical account of truth, Tarski’s theory fails as badly as it is possible for an account to fail.” Scott Soames followed suit also on this count, endorsing Putnam’s argument in section iii of the aforementioned paper; and John Etchemendy used a very similar argument to contend that “a Tarskian definition of truth [...] cannot possibly illuminate the semantic properties of the object language.” The paper argues that these contentions are based on several misunderstandings about the nature of a definition like Tarski’s. Regarding the Putnam-Soames-Etchemendy argument, we must apply a distinction Frege found natural to draw—and is natural to draw anyway—between what he called “constructive” definitions, definitions properly so called, which are mere stipulations, and what he described as “analytic” definitions, definitions which aim to make explicit the meaning of a term already in use. Regarding the Field-Soames-Stalnaker criticism, the paper contends that the true aims of a Tarskian truth definition are perfectly well fulfilled without Field’s amendments. (shrink)

The technical possibilities of biomedicine open up the opportunity to intervene in ageing itself with the aim of mitigating, reducing or eliminating it. However, before undertaking these changes or rejecting them outright, it is necessary to ask ourselves if what would be lost by doing so really has much value. This article will analyse the desirability of ageing from an individual point of view, without circumscribing this question to the desirability or undesirability of death. First, we will present the three (...) most widely used arguments to reject biomedical interventions against ageing. We will argue that only the last of these arguments provides a consistent answer to the question of the desirability of ageing. Second, we will show that the third argument falls prey to a conceptual confusion that we will call the paradox of ageing: although ageing entails negative health effects, it leads to a life stage with valuable goods. Both valuations, one positive and the other negative, refer to two different dimensions of ageing: the chronological and the biological. We will defend that, by not adequately distinguishing these two types of ageing, it does not become apparent that all the valuable goods exclusive to ageing derive only from its chronological dimension. Third, we will argue that, if we just conceive ageing biologically, it is undesirable. We will elaborate on the two kinds of undesirable effects biological ageing has: direct and indirect. Finally, we will respond to potential objections by adducing that these are insufficient to weaken our argument. (shrink)

For the philosopher of Rotterdam, religious coercion has two essential sources of illegitimacy: the linking of religious and ecclesiastical belief and the use of politics for religious purposes. Bayle responds to it, with his doctrine of freedom of conscience, on one hand and by means of the essential distinction between voluntary religious affiliation and political obligation, on the other hand. From my perspective, his doctrine of tolerance does not involve an atheist state, nor does it mean the rejection of the (...) presence of religion in the public space or its displacement to the intimate sphere of the conscience. This paper proposes a reading of Baylean tolerance as a political doctrine that allows the articulation between freedom of conscience, minority confessions, and official religion. Thus, the Baylean theoretical model could be considered a proposal to provide a normative form to the practice of toleration present in the seventeenth -century Netherlands. (shrink)

O presente trabalho argumenta, a partir do filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein, que o jogo de linguagem pode contribuir na discussão sobre educação. Objetivamos introduzir a percepção da linguagem como elemento inerente ao ser humano para abordar a relação sobre educação. Diante desse panorama, o trabalho discute as possibilidades dos jogos de linguagem, onde há regras que podem ser ou não as mesmas entre um jogo e outro. Jogar não significa ganhar, ter razão ou a verdade. Podemos jogar pelo prazer de inventar (...) um jogo ou para fazer valer argumentativamente nossa opinião. As considerações finais apontam para o desafio da pesquisa em educação, na disciplina de Paradigmas Filosóficos da Educação e provocam desafios na área da pesquisa filosóficoeducacional.Le présent travail argumente, à partir du philosophe Ludwig Wittgenstein, que le jeu de langage peut contribuer dans la discussion sur éducation. Nous objectivons introduire la perception du langage comme élement inhérant à l’être humain pour aborder le rapport sur éducation. Devant ce panorama, le travail discute les possibilités des jeux de langage, où il y a des règles qui peuvent être ou ne pas être les mêmes entre un jeu et l’autre. Jouer ne signifie pas vaincre, avoir raison ou la vérité. Nous pouvons jouer par le plaisir d’inventer un jeu ou pour faire valoir argumentativement notre avis. Les considérations finales objectivent pour le défis de la recherche en éducation, dans la discipline de Paradigmes Philosophique de la Éducation et causent des défis dans le domaine de la recherche philosofique-éducationale. (shrink)

Dennett (1988) provides a much discussed argument for the nonexistence of qualia, as conceived by philosophers like Block, Chalmers, Loar and Searle. My goal in this paper is to vindicate Dennett's argument, construed in a certain way. The argument supports the claim that qualia are constitutively representational. Against Block and Chalmers, the argument rejects the detachment of phenomenal from information‐processing consciousness; and against Loar and Searle, it defends the claim that qualia are constitu‐tively representational in an externalist understanding of this. (...) The core of the argument is contained in section 3. In the first part, I contrast a minimal conception of qualia, relative to which their existence is not under dispute, with the sort of view to which I will object. In the second part I set the stage by presenting the facts about (minimal) qualia on which a Dennett‐like argument can be based. (shrink)

Dennett provides a much discussed argument for the nonexistence of qualia, as conceived by philosophers like Block, Chalmers, Loar and Searle. My goal in this paper is to vindicate Dennett's argument, construed in a certain way. The argument supports the claim that qualia are constitutively representational. Against Block and Chalmers, the argument rejects the detachment of phenomenal from information-processing consciousness; and against Loar and Searle, it defends the claim that qualia are constitutively representational in an externalist understanding of this. The (...) core of the argument is contained in section 3. In the first part, I contrast a minimal conception of qualia, relative to which their existence is not under dispute, with the sort of view to which I will object. In the second part I set the stage by presenting the facts about qualia on which a Dennett-like argument can be based. (shrink)

Cosmopolitan critics attack the scope-limitation of justice of egalitarian liberal theorists to states. They treat justice as the production of a given set of outcomes for people regardless of location or relationship. However, in doing so they either ignore the relevant agent towards whom principles of justice are addressed or see the question of agency as a practical, derivative question, of a secondary character. This paper argues that a principle of justice without a clearly justified agent is not a genuine (...) principle at all. This is what writers like Rawls mean by the "subject" of justice (analogous to the grammatical subject of a sentence, i.e.,the agent). We should reflect on agents and why they would or would not justifiably carry certain burdens for others and what kind of benefits or goods they are able to secure. The answers to those questions explain why the idea of cosmopolitan global justice is incomplete, either requiring a global basic structural agency or not applying because no relevant agent is present that can create cooperative arrangements between individual persons across the globe. Other moral principles will still apply globally, but they will be distinct from those that apply to basic-structural agencies. This account is not a practice dependence account, as it bases the distinctness of moral and political principles on purely moral and value-based considerations. (shrink)

The paper examines an alleged distinction claimed to exist by Van Gelder between two different, but equally acceptable ways of accounting for the systematicity of cognitive output (two varieties of compositionality): concatenative compositionality vs. functional compositionality. The second is supposed to provide an explanation alternative to the Language of Thought Hypothesis. I contend that, if the definition of concatenative compositionality is taken in a different way from the official one given by Van Gelder (but one suggested by some of his (...) formulations) then there is indeed a different sort of compositionality; however, the second variety is not an alternative to the language of thought in that case. On the other hand, if the concept of concatenative compositionality is taken in a different way, along the lines of Van Gelder's explicit definition, then there is no reason to think that there is an alternative way of explaining systematicity. (shrink)

The paper examines an alleged distinction claimed to exist by Van Gelder between two different, but equally acceptable ways of accounting for the systematicity of cognitive output (two “varieties of compositionality”): “concatenative compositionality” vs. “functional compositionality.” The second is supposed to provide an explanation alternative to the Language of Thought Hypothesis. I contend that, if the definition of “concatenative compositionality” is taken in a different way from the official one given by Van Gelder (but one suggested by some of his (...) formulations) then there is indeed a different sort of compositionality; however, the second variety is not an alternative to the language of thought in that case. On the other hand, if the concept of concatenative compositionality is taken in a different way, along the lines of Van Gelder's explicit definition, then there is no reason to think that there is an alternative way of explaining systematicity. (shrink)